三、简单句-词性与成分

(一) 简单句与复合句

简单句：只有一个谓语的句子。

Monkey is a teacher.

复合句：拥有多个谓语的句子。(即句中包含并列句或从句)

Monkey is a teacher and I am his student.

Monkey is the teacher that I choose.

简单句的核心是谓语，谓语的核心是动词。

(二)谓语的核心-动词与系动词(v.)

1.动词(谁做了什么事)

① 及物动词vt. 后面可以直接跟名词(宾语)

I love music.

He has a book.

② 不及物动词 vi. 后面不能直接跟名词(宾语)

Birds can fly.

I sleep here.

I work at home.

③ 及物动词与不及物动词的判别问题(没必要)

They are playing the piano.

They are playing.

2.系动词(谁怎么了)

① 状态类：be,am,is,are,was,were
② 持续类：keep,remain,stay,exist…
③ 像类：seem,appear,look…
④ 感官类： feel,look,smell,sound,taste,seem…
⑤ 变化类：become,grow,turn,get,prove…

系动词与普通动词的核心区别：

① 系动词后可直接跟形容词

She is beautiful.

It tastes good.

② 系动词无需使用被动语态

The new policy proves unsuccessful.

③ 系动词后接的形容词或名词为“表语”

将系动词视作一类用法特殊的动词即可，拒绝“主系表”与“主谓宾”二分。

(三)简单句的基本类型(个别语法可能不严谨，但不影响做题理解，老师是在替我们做减法)

主谓宾结构（谁做了什么事）

I love music.

ZuckerBerg created Facebook. → Facebook is created by ZuckerBerg.

主语与宾语的核心必须是名词n.

English is a beautiful language.
谓语或谓宾结构（祈使句）
Stop！ Get out！ Let it go. Heal the world.
主谓结构（不及物动词）
I come. I see. I conquer.
The world has changed.
I work at home.
主谓双宾（重点积累）
I give him a present.
Monkey teaches us English.
She made him her assistant.
主谓宾宾补结构（无需刻意识别补语）

补语：对所修饰的名词起补充说明作用
The news made me happy.
I found myself in dark.
The police offer calls him back.

无需刻意识别补语！无需区分补语与第二宾语的区别！

(四)简单句的修饰与补充

1.名词(主语、宾语等)的底裤—-冠词与代词(a,an,the,my,this…)

可以(但未必)裸奔的名词：
不可数名词 Water is valuable. Love is an emotion.
复数名词 Sutdents are my best friend.
大写专有名词 Boris Johnson is the prime minister of UK.

必须穿底裤的名词：单数可数名词

2. 名词(主语、宾语等)的修饰—-定语

定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词的。常见的定语有：形容词、名词、介词短语

① 形容词作定语 adj.（前置定语）
MIT is a famous American university.
She is a young little girl.

形容词的修饰—-副词 adv.
MIT is a very famous American university.

② 名词作定语 n.（前置定语）
I am an English teacher.
There is a tea cup.
多定语排序口诀：美小圆旧黄，法国木书房
其他-大小-新旧-颜色-产地-材质-功能-被修饰名词
an interesting little red French oil painting.

③ 介词短语作定语 prep.（后置定语）

当定语本体由多个词构成时，需要放在所修饰的名词之后。

The boy in the classroom is sleeping.

The wealth of the nation belongs to its people.

3. 谓语、整句的修饰与补充说明—-状语

状语一般用于说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式等。
常见的状语有：副词、介词短语

① 副词做状语 adv.
We should carefully make our plan.

He won the game finally.

Generally，it needs 12 month to prepare for this exam.

② 介词短语作状语
【地点】He studies at home.
【时间】He studies in the morning.
【目的】He studies for a better future.
【方式】He studies in a wise way.
【伴随】He studies with monkey.
【比较】He studies than his friend.
【结果】As a consequence，their hearts and lungs are affected.