三大从句

从句=从属于主句的次要句子
特征：有从句引导词(如：that…)，有从句谓语
名词性从句：整个从句当一个名词，可做主、宾、表、同位语等
I know that you are smart.
定语从句：整个从句当一个后置的形容词，用于修饰前面的名词
I like Lucy who works very hard.
状语从句：整个从句做状语，用于修饰说明主句
I will talk to you when you come back.

(一) 名词性从句

  1. 如何快速识别名词性从句？（特征）
    看所属的主句缺不缺名词！（名从的核心特征：所属主句缺名词）

    I know that you are smart.
What you are saying is wrong.
I come from where you belong.

    主句缺名词，且该从句出现在名词该出现的地方，必然是名词性从句！
    反之，主句不缺名词，从句一般不是名词性从句，只有一个特殊情况例外！
    →那就是同位语从句

  2. 同位语从句
    同位语：一个名词解释或说明前方的另一个名词

    Monkey(名词)，our English teacher(名词-同位语)，is ugly.
We(名词 ) Chinese people（名词-同位语） are hard-working.

    同位语从句：一个名词性从句作名词，解释或说明前方的另一个名词

    You should know the fact <span style='color:blue;background:背景颜色;font-size:文字大小;font-family:字体;'>that Monkey is a human</span>.
The news <span style='color:blue;background:背景颜色;font-size:文字大小;font-family:字体;'>that our team has won</span> is true.
I like the idea <span style='color:blue;background:背景颜色;font-size:文字大小;font-family:字体;'>that altitude determines altitude</span>.

    同位语从句与that定语从句的共同点：都针对前方的名词，主句都不缺名词
    不同点：同位语从句解释名词的具体内涵，不缺成分，定从只是修饰（…的）

    I like the idea that attitude determines altitude.
I like the idea that you mentioned.

    同位语从句出现频率不高，特征明显：

    **idea,fact,thought,theory,news,concept等无具体内涵的概念词+that**

  3. 一般名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、名词从句）
    ① 从句句义与陈述句句义的基本转换逻辑
    You are doing sth.
    What are you doing.
    What you are doing is right.
    名词性从句，所问即所答。
    几乎所有从句引导词都可以引导名词性从句！(且一般都是疑问词)
    that，which，what，who，when，where，why，how，if，whether…
    ② 常见名词性从句可以转换成定语从句理解

(二) 从句类型的判断与主要特征

  1. 如何判断从句的类型？（特征）
    特殊情况：idea，thought等概念词+that，优先考虑同位语从句
    ① 看其所属的主句缺不缺名词！（名从核心特征：所属主句缺名词）
    ② 如果主句不缺名词，就是定语从句或状语从句，起次要修饰作用
    定语从句：整个从句当一个后置的形容词，用于修饰前面的名词
    状语从句：整个从句做状语，用于修饰说明主句

  2. 横跨名从、定从、状从三界的流氓引导词：when，where
    ① when

     That is <span style='color:blue;background:背景颜色;font-size:文字大小;font-family:字体;'>when I was young</span>.
   名从：这是我年轻的时候。

    ​ I love the time when I was young.
    ​ 定从：我爱（我年轻时的）那段时光。（从句缺成分）I was young at the time.

    ​ I loved pop music when I was young.
    ​ 状从：我喜欢流行音乐，在我年轻的时候。 I loved pop music at that time.
    when做定从或者状从，一律无脑翻译成“那时”。

    ② where

    That is <span style='color:blue;background:背景颜色;font-size:文字大小;font-family:字体;'>where I used to live</span>.
    名从：这是我曾住过的地方。

    ​ I love Beijing where I used to live in.
    ​ 定从：我爱（我曾住过的）北京。（从句缺成分）I used to live in Beijing.

    ​ I live where I used to live.
    ​ 状从：我住在我曾住过的地方。I live in Beijing.(状语)

    where 做定从或状从，一律无脑翻译成“那地”
    其他定语从句与状语从句的常见区别特征：引导词不同

(三) 定语从句

​ 定语从句：整个从句当一个后置的形容词，用于修饰前面的名词
​ 名词：人、物、事
​ 定从常见引导词：that，which，who，whose，whom

​ 定语从句所修饰的名词也成为“先行词”。
​ 定语从句内部不完整，缺名词，把先行词放回后才构成完整的句子。

  1. that（那个）→ 人、物、事
    He is the man that loves me.
    He is the man that I love.
    He is the man that I come here to find.

  2. which（哪个）→物、事
    RUC is the school which is behind PKU.
    I know the accident which is horrible.

    非限制性定语从句—-修饰前面整句话所说的“事”，而不是某个词

    I am Monkey，which is known to all of my student.
He died in an accident，which makes me sad.

    which修饰名词还是主句这件事？which是不是非限定？

    → **which优先理解成“Ta”，说不通就改为“这件事”。**

  3. who（谁），whom（宾格谁），whose（谁的）→ 人
    He is the man who kills Tom.
    He is the man who I killed.
    He is the man whom I killed.
    → I kill the man.
    whom能干的事who基本都能干！
    He is the man whose wife is beautiful.
    → The man ‘s wife is beautiful.
    He is the man whose company is on fire.
    → The man ’s company is on fire.

  4. 定语从句的介词前置（除that外）
    He is my teacher who I learn a lot from.
    → 老外会觉得不正常，不自然！→定从中的相关介词前置。
    He is the teacher from whom I learn a lot.（唯一一个whom能做，但who不能做的事）

    This is the place in which I was born.
    → This is the place where I was born.
    介词+which结构往往可以与where、when相互转化

(四) 状语从句

​ 状语从句：整个从句作状语，用于修饰说明主句，常见引导词：
​ 时间地点类：where，when，while，before，after，since，until，till，as
​ 原因类：because，since，as
​ 条件类：if，unless，whether
​ 让步转折类：though，although，even if，while

  1. 大部状语从句成分完整，语序正常，直接翻译即可得到句义。
    You will be punished if you don’t finish your task.

  2. ever系状语从句
    whatever，whenever，wherever，whoever，however…
    xx+ever → ① no matter xx 无论… ② 疑问词（及其小弟）置于主句后

    Whatever you do，I will forgive you.
    → No matter what you do，I will forgive you.

    Whenever you come，I will beat you.
    → No matter when you come，I will beat you.

    However strong you are，I will beat you.
    → No matter how strong you are，I will beat you.

从句类型的判别思路：


PS：见到it..that，so…that 单独判断。

(五) 从句的省略

  1. 定从、名从引导词的省略（that引导）

    I know that you are smart.
    → I know (that) you are smart.

    That you are smart is known to all.
    → (That) You are smart is known to all. (are，is谁是主句谓语？混淆不清，此时不能省略)

    I know the boy that I met.
    → I know the boy I met.

    I know the boy that kills Tom.
    → I know the boy kills Tom.（表意不明，不能省略）

小结：名词性从句做宾语，定语从句修饰的名词在从句中宾语时，引导词可省略。

  1. 状语从句中，主语和be动词的省略（引导词+非谓语）
    When he was surrounded by others，he went angry.
    → when surrounded by others，he went angry.

    Although he worked hard，he failed the exam.
    → Although working hard，he failed the exam.

从句主语与主句谓语一致时，可省略主语(及其be动词)，剩余动词非谓化。
→ 见到缺主语，没谓语的从句，加be补主，说不通就加be补it

​ If (it is) possible, I will come to see you.

  1. 支配、建议类谓语后的宾语从句可省略should
    支配类：order，commend，insist，require，demand…
    建议类：suggest，advise，propose，recommend…

    ① The politician insisted that Tom (should) be arrested.
    ② The doctor advised that he (should) have an operation to save his life.

  2. “xx很重要“型的it…that形式主语结构中，that从句可以省略should
    ① It is important that enough money (should) be collected to support this project.
    ② It is urgent that a meeting (should) be arranged before we make the final decision.